Money

Habari Mwanafunzi! Let's Talk About Pesa!

Have you ever saved up your pocket money to buy a new football? Or helped your parents at the market and had to calculate change? Money, or as we call it in Kenya, pesa, is a huge part of our daily lives. It's not just about coins and notes; it's a powerful tool in mathematics! Today, we are going to become experts in handling the Kenyan Shilling, just like a pro at the bank or a successful shopkeeper in your neighbourhood. Let's get started!

Meet the Kenyan Shilling (Ksh)

In Kenya, our currency is the Kenyan Shilling. The short form, which you will see everywhere, is Ksh. Just like a metre is made of centimetres, a shilling is made of smaller parts called cents.

• There are 100 cents in 1 Shilling.
• We have coins for smaller amounts like 1, 5, 10, and 20 shillings.
• We have notes (or bank notes) for larger amounts like 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings.

Image Suggestion: A vibrant and colourful flat-lay photograph of modern Kenyan currency. Show a mix of coins (1, 5, 10, 20 shillings) and notes (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 shillings) arranged neatly on a wooden table. The image should be bright and clear, highlighting the 'Big Five' animals on the notes.

   +--------------------------+          /-----------\
   |        BANKI KUU         |         /   REPUBLIC  \
   |         YA KENYA         |        |   OF KENYA  |
   |        (Giraffe)         |        |             |
   |                          |        (    20     )
   | Ksh 50         FIFTY     |        |   SHILLINGS |
   |              SHILLINGS   |         \   (Ele)   /
   |        HARAMBEE          |          \---------/
   +--------------------------+

Shopping at the Duka: Addition and Subtraction

This is where the real fun begins! Let's say you go to the local duka (shop) to buy a few items for your mother.

Scenario: Your mother gives you Ksh 500 and asks you to buy a loaf of bread (mkate) for Ksh 65, a packet of milk (maziwa) for Ksh 60, and 1kg of sugar (sukari) for Ksh 180. How much will you spend in total, and how much change will you get?

Step 1: Add up the cost of all items.

Always align your numbers carefully. Shillings under shillings, and cents under cents. Since we have no cents here, it's straightforward.

  180  (Sukari)
   65  (Mkate)
+  60  (Maziwa)
-----
  305
-----

Total cost = Ksh 305

Step 2: Subtract the total cost from the money you have.

This will give you the change (the money you get back).

  500  (Money you had)
- 305  (Total cost)
-----
  195
-----

Change = Ksh 195

Well done! You will spend Ksh 305 and take back Ksh 195 in change to your mother.

Buying in Bulk: Multiplication and Division

Sometimes we need to buy more than one of the same item, or we need to share a cost among friends.

Multiplication Example: Buying Exercise Books

Your new school term is starting! You need to buy 8 exercise books, and each book costs Ksh 45. How much will you pay?

  Cost of one book: Ksh 45
  Number of books:    8

  Calculation:
    45
  x  8
  ----
   360  (Because 8 x 5 = 40, write 0, carry 4. Then 8 x 4 = 32, plus the 4 you carried is 36)
  ----

  Total cost = Ksh 360

Image Suggestion: A cheerful cartoon-style image of a bustling Kenyan open-air market ('soko'). Show vendors selling fresh fruits and vegetables like mangoes, sukuma wiki, and tomatoes. A child and their parent are happily interacting with a vendor, with a basket full of produce. The style should be friendly and colourful.

Division Example: Sharing a Snack Bill

You and your 3 friends (making 4 of you in total) decide to buy a large pizza to share. The total bill is Ksh 1200. How much should each person contribute?

  Total bill: Ksh 1200
  Number of friends: 4

  Calculation: We divide the total cost by the number of people.
  
  1200 ÷ 4 = 300

  Each person should contribute Ksh 300.

Making a Profit or a Loss: Your First Biashara!

Understanding money also means understanding business (biashara). The two most important ideas here are Profit and Loss.

• Buying Price (BP): The cost of buying an item to sell.
• Selling Price (SP): The price you sell the item for.

If you sell something for MORE than you bought it, you make a PROFIT (faida).

Profit = Selling Price - Buying Price

If you sell something for LESS than you bought it, you make a LOSS (hasara).

Loss = Buying Price - Selling Price

Scenario: Your neighbour has a big mango tree. He sells you 10 mangoes for Ksh 100 in total (this is your Buying Price). You decide to sell them at the school gate for Ksh 15 each. Did you make a profit or a loss?

Step 1: Calculate your total Buying Price (BP).

Your BP for all 10 mangoes is Ksh 100.

Step 2: Calculate your total Selling Price (SP).

You sold 10 mangoes at Ksh 15 each.

  Total SP = 10 (mangoes) x 15 (Ksh each) = Ksh 150

Step 3: Compare SP and BP to find the profit.

Your SP (Ksh 150) is greater than your BP (Ksh 100), so you made a profit! Let's calculate how much.

  Profit = SP - BP
  Profit = 150 - 100
  Profit = Ksh 50

Amazing! You are a young entrepreneur who just made a Ksh 50 profit!

Smart Shopping: Understanding Bills and Discounts

When you shop in a supermarket, you get a bill or a receipt. This is a list of everything you bought and the total cost. It's important to read it to make sure there are no mistakes!

+---------------------------------+
|      NAIVAS SUPERMARKET         |
|      Westlands Branch           |
|---------------------------------|
| ITEM              |   PRICE     |
|---------------------------------|
| Bread             |   Ksh 65.00 |
| Milk 500ml        |   Ksh 60.00 |
| Apples x3         |   Ksh 90.00 |
|---------------------------------|
| SUBTOTAL          |   Ksh 215.00|
| VAT (Tax)         |   Ksh 34.40 |
|---------------------------------|
| TOTAL             |   Ksh 249.40|
|---------------------------------|
| CASH              |   Ksh 300.00|
| CHANGE            |   Ksh 50.60 |
|---------------------------------|
|   Thank you! Visit us again!    |
+---------------------------------+

Sometimes, shops have a sale and offer a discount. A discount is an amount taken off the original price. If a pair of shoes costing Ksh 1500 has a Ksh 200 discount, you only pay Ksh 1300!

You are a Money Master!

Congratulations! You have learned the fundamentals of working with money. From simple addition at the duka to making your first profit, you now have the skills to handle money confidently. Remember, mathematics is not just in your textbook; it's in your pocket, at the market, and in every shop you visit.

Keep practicing, stay curious, and as we say in Kenya, "Ujuzi ni mali!" (Knowledge is wealth!).

Pesa Mfukoni! Your Guide to Understanding Money

Habari mwanafunzi! Welcome to a very exciting topic. It's something you see and use almost every single day, whether you're buying a snack, paying your bus fare, or saving up for a new pair of shoes. That's right, we are talking about Money! In Kenya, we call it 'Pesa'. Understanding how to use it, count it, and manage it is a superpower. Are you ready to become a money superhero? Let's begin!

Image Suggestion: A vibrant, colourful digital illustration of a Kenyan open-air market (soko). A young student, dressed in a school uniform, is happily buying vegetables from a friendly female vendor. The scene is full of details like sacks of maize, bunches of sukuma wiki, and colourful khangas. The style should be cheerful and educational.

Our Beautiful Kenyan Money: Shilingi na Noti

Our country's money is called the Kenyan Shilling (KES). It comes in two forms: coins (Shilingi) and notes (Noti). Let's get to know them!

• Coins: These are the shiny metal pieces. We commonly use: 1 shilling, 5 shillings, 10 shillings, and 20 shillings.
• Notes: These are the colourful paper money. We commonly use: 50 shillings, 100 shillings, 200 shillings, 500 shillings, and 1000 shillings.

Here's a little visual to help you remember:

    A Coin (Shilingi)           A Note (Noti)
     .--.                       +-----------------+
    /    \                      |                 |
   | KES  |                      |       KES       |
    \    /                      |       50        |
     '--'                       |                 |
                                +-----------------+

Basic Maths with Money: Let's Go Shopping!

Mathematics and money are best friends! Let's see how they work together.

1. Addition (+) - Combining Your Pesa

Scenario: You go to the local duka (shop). You want to buy a packet of milk for KES 60 and a loaf of bread for KES 55. How much money do you need in total?

To find the total, we simply add the two costs together.

  Step 1: Write down the cost of each item.
          Milk:   60 KES
          Bread: +55 KES
          ---------

  Step 2: Add the numbers, starting from the right.
          0 + 5 = 5
          6 + 5 = 11

  Step 3: Combine the results.
          Total: 115 KES
          ---------

You need 115 shillings to buy both items. Sawa?

2. Subtraction (-) - Getting Your Change

Scenario: You give the shopkeeper a 200 shilling note to pay for your items that cost KES 115. How much change should you get back?

To find the change, we subtract the cost from the money you gave.

  Step 1: Write down the amount you paid and the total cost.
          Amount Paid:  200 KES
          Total Cost:  -115 KES
          -----------

  Step 2: Subtract, borrowing where needed.
          (You can't take 5 from 0, so you borrow)

            1  9  10  <- After borrowing
            2  0  0
          - 1  1  5
          ----------
            0  8  5

  Step 3: The result is your change.
          Change:      85 KES
          -----------

You should receive 85 shillings in change. Always count your change!

Advanced Money Skills for a Business Mtaani

Let's learn some concepts that will help you if you ever want to start a small business, like selling smokies or juice!

Profit and Loss

When you run a business, you either make a profit (make extra money) or a loss (lose money).

• Buying Price (BP): The amount you spend to buy or make the items you want to sell.
• Selling Price (SP): The amount you sell the items for.

Scenario: Amina decides to sell homemade mango juice. She spends KES 300 on mangoes, sugar, and cups (this is her Buying Price). She sells all the juice and makes a total of KES 500 (this is her Selling Price). Did she make a profit or a loss?

If the Selling Price is MORE than the Buying Price, you have made a PROFIT.

  Formula: Profit = Selling Price (SP) - Buying Price (BP)

  Calculation:
  Profit = 500 KES - 300 KES
  Profit = 200 KES

Fantastic! Amina made a profit of 200 shillings.

What if she only sold KES 250 worth of juice? Then her Selling Price (250) would be LESS than her Buying Price (300), and she would have a loss.

  Formula: Loss = Buying Price (BP) - Selling Price (SP)

  Calculation:
  Loss = 300 KES - 250 KES
  Loss = 50 KES

Discounts - A Shopper's Best Friend!

A discount is a reduction in price. You often see signs saying "SALE!" or "20% OFF". This means you get to pay less!

Scenario: A school bag costs KES 1000. The shop has a 10% discount. How much do you pay?

First, find the discount amount. "10% of 1000" means (10/100) * 1000.

  Step 1: Calculate the discount amount.
  Discount = (10 / 100) * 1000 KES
  Discount = 0.1 * 1000 KES
  Discount = 100 KES

  Step 2: Subtract the discount from the original price.
  New Price = Original Price - Discount
  New Price = 1000 KES - 100 KES
  New Price = 900 KES

The new price for the bag is 900 shillings. What a great deal!

Be a Money Master: Simple Budgeting

A budget is a plan for your money. It helps you see where your money comes from (income) and where it goes (expenses). Let's say your parents give you KES 200 for the week as pocket money.

Image Suggestion: A focused Kenyan student sitting at a wooden desk in their room. The student is writing in an exercise book titled 'My Budget'. On the desk, there are a few Kenyan shilling coins and a 50 shilling note. The mood is studious and positive. The art style should be a warm, encouraging cartoon.

Here is a simple budget plan:

+--------------------------------+
|      MY WEEKLY BUDGET          |
+--------------------------------+
| Income (Pocket Money): 200 KES |
+--------------------------------+
| Expenses:                      |
|  - Matatu Fare:     50 KES      |
|  - School Lunch:    100 KES     |
|  - Pencil:         20 KES      |
|  ----------------------------  |
|  Total Expenses:   170 KES     |
+--------------------------------+
| Savings (Income - Expenses):   |
|  200 - 170 = 30 KES            |
+--------------------------------+

By budgeting, you planned your spending and even managed to save 30 shillings! Well done!

You are a Money Champion!

Today, you have learned so much about money! From identifying our Kenyan currency to calculating profit, loss, and discounts. Remember, money is a tool. Learning to use it wisely is one of the most important skills you will ever have. Keep practicing, and you will become a true money master!

Habari Mwanafunzi! Let's Talk About Pesa!

Welcome, future mathematician and entrepreneur! Today, we are diving into one of the most important topics you will ever learn, both in class and in life: Money. Think of it as a superpower. When you understand money, you can plan, you can save, and you can make smart decisions. From buying a smokie during break time to saving up for a new phone, money is everywhere. Let's learn how to become masters of it, the Kenyan way!

Image Suggestion: [A bright and cheerful illustration of diverse Kenyan students happily holding Kenyan shilling notes and coins, with a background showing a school canteen or a local market scene. Style: Vibrant, cartoonish, and positive.]

Our Kenyan Shillings (KSh)

In Kenya, our currency is the Kenyan Shilling, often written as KSh or KES. It comes in two forms: coins for smaller amounts and notes for larger amounts.

• Coins: We commonly use 1 shilling, 5 shillings, 10 shillings, and 20 shillings coins.
• Notes (Banknotes): You will see 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 shilling notes. Each note has a unique colour and features one of Kenya's 'Big Five' animals!

Let's visualize them:

  A Coin (e.g., KSh 10)         A Banknote (e.g., KSh 500)
    .-----------.             +-----------------------------+
   /             \            |                             |
  |     KSh       |           |          KSh 500            |
  |      10       |           |      [Picture of Rhino]     |
   \             /            |                             |
    '-----------'             +-----------------------------+

Let's Go to the Duka! - Adding and Subtracting Money

This is where the fun begins! Mathematics helps us figure out if we have enough money and how much change we should get back. Change is the money a shopkeeper gives you back when you pay with a larger note.

Real-World Scenario: Your mother sends you to the local duka with a KSh 200 note. She asks you to buy:

• A loaf of bread for KSh 65
• A packet of milk for KSh 60
• One onion for KSh 10

How much is the total cost, and how much change will you bring back?

Let's calculate this step-by-step:

### STEP 1: Find the Total Cost (Add all items) ###

  65  (Bread)
  60  (Milk)
+ 10  (Onion)
----
 135  (Total Cost in KSh)

### STEP 2: Calculate the Change (Subtract Total Cost from Money Given) ###

  200  (Money you have)
- 135  (Total Cost)
----
   65  (Change in KSh)

So, you will pay KSh 135 and the shopkeeper should give you KSh 65 in change. Always count your change before leaving the duka!

From a Hobby to a Business: Understanding Profit and Loss

Have you ever thought about starting a small business, like selling mangoes from your shamba or making and selling samosas? To know if your business is successful, you need to understand Profit and Loss.

• Buying Price (BP) or Cost Price (CP): This is the amount of money you spend to buy or make an item.
• Selling Price (SP): This is the price at which you sell the item.
• Profit: This is the extra money you make. You make a profit when the Selling Price is MORE than the Buying Price.
• Loss: This is when you lose money. You make a loss when the Selling Price is LESS than the Buying Price.

Example Story: Amina decides to sell smokies after school. She buys a pack of 22 smokies for KSh 330 (this is her Buying Price). She sells each smokie for KSh 25. Did she make a profit or a loss?

Let's do the math to help Amina!

### STEP 1: Find her total Selling Price (SP) ###
She has 22 smokies and sells each for KSh 25.
Total SP = 22 x 25 = KSh 550

### STEP 2: Compare SP and BP to find Profit or Loss ###
Her Buying Price (BP) = KSh 330
Her Selling Price (SP) = KSh 550

Since SP (550) is greater than BP (330), Amina made a PROFIT!

### STEP 3: Calculate the Profit ###
Formula: Profit = Selling Price - Buying Price
Profit = 550 - 330
Profit = KSh 220

Well done! Amina made a profit of KSh 220. Her business is doing great!

Image Suggestion: [A simple, clear diagram showing a weighing scale. On one side, labeled 'Selling Price (SP)', is a large pile of coins. On the other side, labeled 'Buying Price (BP)', is a smaller pile of coins. The 'SP' side is lower, indicating it's heavier, with a big green tick mark and the word 'PROFIT' written above it.]

Making Your Savings Grow: Simple Interest

What if I told you that your money could make more money, all by itself? That's the magic of Interest! When you save money in a bank or a Sacco, they pay you a small amount of extra money for keeping your cash with them. The most basic type is called Simple Interest.

To calculate it, we use a simple formula:

Simple Interest (I) = Principal (P) x Rate (R) x Time (T)

Where:
P = Principal (The initial amount of money you save)
R = Rate (The percentage at which the interest is paid per year, e.g., 5% or 10%)
T = Time (The number of years the money is saved)

Scenario: Your uncle deposits KSh 10,000 into a Sacco account for you as a gift. The Sacco offers a simple interest rate of 8% per year. How much interest will you have earned after 3 years?

Let's use our formula:

### STEP 1: Identify P, R, and T ###
P = KSh 10,000
R = 8% per year. In math, we write this as 8/100 or 0.08.
T = 3 years

### STEP 2: Apply the formula I = P x R x T ###
I = 10,000 x (8/100) x 3

### STEP 3: Calculate the Interest ###
I = 10,000 x 0.08 x 3
I = 800 x 3
I = KSh 2,400

After 3 years, your money will have earned an extra KSh 2,400 in interest! Your new total amount in the account will be KSh 10,000 + KSh 2,400 = KSh 12,400. That's how you make your money work for you!

You Are Now a Money Master!

Congratulations! You have learned the essential skills for handling money. You can now confidently:

• Identify and use Kenyan currency.
• Calculate totals and change during shopping.
• Understand the difference between making a profit and a loss.
• Calculate simple interest on savings.

Keep practising these skills. The more you use them, the better you will become at managing your pesa. Remember, being smart with money is a big step towards achieving your dreams!

Your Turn! The Mandazi Challenge: You decide to make and sell mandazis. The ingredients (flour, sugar, oil) cost you KSh 400. You make 50 mandazis from these ingredients. If you sell each mandazi for KSh 10, what will be your total profit? Try to solve it using the steps we learned!