Addition/Subtraction

Jambo, Young Mathematician! Let's Go on a Number Adventure!

Habari yako? Welcome to a fun journey with numbers! Today, we are going to learn about two very important math superpowers: Kujumlisha (Addition) and Kutoa (Subtraction). These are skills you will use every day, from sharing sweets with your friends to counting goats in the shamba!

Kujumlisha (Addition): Putting Things Together!

Addition is all about joining groups together to find out how many you have in total. Think about when your mum buys mangoes at the market. If she has 2 mangoes and buys 3 more, she is adding!

Story Time: At the Duka
Asha goes to the local duka to buy some snacks. She buys 5 smokies and 4 mandazis. How many snacks does she have altogether? We need to add them up!

Let's use stones to count. First, we have 5 smokies (stones):

o o o o o

Then, we add the 4 mandazis (more stones):

o o o o

Now, let's put them all together and count!

o o o o o  +  o o o o  =  o o o o o o o o o

We have 9 snacks in total! The calculation looks like this:

  5   (smokies)
+ 4   (mandazis)
---
  9   (total snacks)

Image Suggestion: A vibrant, colourful cartoon illustration of a Kenyan child at a roadside duka. The child is smiling, holding a paper bag with 5 smokies and 4 mandazis peeking out. The duka owner is also smiling in the background.

Kutoa (Subtraction): Taking Things Away!

Subtraction is the opposite of addition. It's about taking away, finding out what is left, or seeing the difference between two numbers. Imagine you have 8 juicy passion fruits and you eat 3. You are subtracting!

Story Time: Sharing is Caring!
Mwangi has 7 coloured pencils. His best friend, Chep, forgot hers at home. Mwangi is a good friend and gives Chep 2 of his pencils. How many pencils does Mwangi have left?

Let's look at Mwangi's pencils:

✏️ ✏️ ✏️ ✏️ ✏️ ✏️ ✏️   (7 pencils)

Now, let's take away the 2 he gave to Chep. We can cross them out.

✏️ ✏️ ✏️ ✏️ ✏️ X X     (We took 2 away)

How many are left? Let's count! There are 5 left. The calculation looks like this:

  7   (Mwangi's pencils)
- 2   (pencils for Chep)
---
  5   (pencils left)

Working with Bigger Numbers!

Sometimes you need to add or subtract bigger numbers, like counting the chickens at your Shosho's (grandmother's) place!

Example: Addition with "Carrying Over"

Let's add 28 + 14. We always start from the right side (the Ones place)!

   TENS  ONES
    2     8
+   1     4
-----------

• Step 1 (Ones): Add 8 + 4. This gives us 12. 12 is one Ten and two Ones. We write the 2 in the Ones answer place and "carry over" the 1 to the Tens place.

      1  (carry this)
   TENS  ONES
    2     8
+   1     4
-----------
          2

• Step 2 (Tens): Now add the numbers in the Tens column, including the one you carried over. So, 1 + 2 + 1 = 4. Write 4 in the Tens answer place.

      1
   TENS  ONES
    2     8
+   1     4
-----------
    4     2

So, 28 + 14 = 42! Well done!

Image Suggestion: A simple, clear diagram showing the columns for 'Tens' and 'Ones'. An arrow should show the number '1' being 'carried over' from the top of the Ones column to the top of the Tens column. Use bright, primary colors.

Example: Subtraction with "Borrowing"

Let's subtract 42 - 17. Again, we start from the Ones place!

   TENS  ONES
    4     2
-   1     7
-----------

• Step 1 (Ones): Look at the Ones. Can you take 7 from 2? No, you can't! We need to "borrow" from our neighbour, the Tens place. We take 1 Ten from the 4 Tens (leaving 3 Tens). That 1 Ten becomes 10 Ones, which we add to our 2. So now we have 10 + 2 = 12 in the Ones place.

      3   12  (We borrowed!)
   TENS  ONES
    4     2
-   1     7
-----------

• Step 2 (Ones): Now we can subtract! 12 - 7 = 5. Write 5 in the Ones answer place.
• Step 3 (Tens): Move to the Tens. Remember, we now have 3 Tens left. So, 3 - 1 = 2. Write 2 in the Tens answer place.

      3   12
   TENS  ONES
    4     2
-   1     7
-----------
    2     5

So, 42 - 17 = 25! You are a math genius!

Mazoezi Time! (Practice Time!)

Let's try a few problems. Grab a pencil and a piece of paper!

• 1. 15 + 4 = ?
• 2. 9 - 6 = ?
• 3. 36 + 25 = ?
• 4. 50 - 12 = ?
• Challenge: A farmer has 23 goats. He buys 10 more at the market. How many goats does he have in total?

Hongera! (Congratulations!)

You did a fantastic job today! You have learned how to add and subtract, which are very powerful tools. Remember, math is all around you, from the classroom to the playground. Keep practicing and you will become a true Number Master!

Jambo, Mwanafunzi Mwerevu! (Hello, Clever Student!)

Karibu! Welcome to our Mathematical Activities lesson. Today, we are going on an exciting adventure with numbers! We will learn how to bring numbers together and how to take them away. This is called Addition (Kujumlisha) and Subtraction (Kutoa). Are you ready? Let's begin!

Kujumlisha ni Raha! (Addition is Fun!)

Addition is all about putting things together. Think about when you get more sweets, more books, or more shillings. The number of things you have grows bigger! We use a special sign for addition. It looks like a small cross: + (we call it 'plus').

A Story from the Soko: Amina goes to the market (soko) with her mum. She buys 3 sweet mangoes. Her mum gives her 2 more mangoes. How many mangoes does Amina have now? Let's count them together!

    Let's use pictures for the mangoes:
    
    Amina's Mangoes:   (o) (o) (o)
    
    Mum's Mangoes:       (o) (o)
    
    Together:        (o) (o) (o)  +  (o) (o)  =  (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)

To write this as a math problem, we do this:

    3 + 2 = 5

Wow! Amina now has 5 mangoes. See? When we add, the number gets bigger!

> **Image Suggestion:** > A vibrant and colourful Kenyan market scene. A happy young girl (Amina) with her mother are at a fruit stall. The girl is holding a basket with 5 bright yellow and red mangoes, smiling. The style should be a cheerful, friendly cartoon illustration.

Kutoa Vitu (Taking Things Away)

Subtraction is the opposite of addition. It means taking away. Imagine you have some biscuits and you eat a few. The number of biscuits you have left becomes smaller. The sign for subtraction looks like a small line: - (we call it 'minus').

A Story about Matatus: A matatu is at the bus stop. There are 7 people inside. At the next stop, 4 people get out. How many people are left in the matatu? Let's figure it out!

    Let's draw the people as stick figures:
    
    People in the matatu at first:  
    👤 👤 👤 👤 👤 👤 👤   (7 people)
    
    4 people get out. Let's cross them out:
    👤 👤 👤 👤 👤 👤 👤
                  (cross out 4)
    
    How many are left? Let's count:
    👤 👤 👤   (3 people)

Here is how we write the math problem:

    7 - 4 = 3

Asante sana! There are 3 people left in the matatu. When we subtract, the number gets smaller.

Sasa ni Wakati wa Mazoezi! (Now it's Practice Time!)

Let's try some problems together. You can use your fingers, stones, or even draw pictures to help you count. You are a math champion!

• Question 1: If you have 5 sukuma wiki leaves and you get 3 more, how many do you have?

  5 + 3 = 8

• Question 2: There are 10 chickens in the shamba. A fox chases 2 away. How many are left?

  10 - 2 = 8

• Question 3: Kamau has 6 shillings. His father gives him 4 more shillings. How much money does he have now?

  6 + 4 = 10

• Question 4: You have 9 pencils. You give your friend 5. How many pencils are left with you?

  9 - 5 = 4

> **Image Suggestion:** > A close-up shot of a Kenyan child's hands counting with colourful bottle caps on a simple wooden table. The background is slightly blurred, showing a typical classroom or home setting. The mood is focused and educational.

Wewe ni Mjanja! (You are a Smart One!)

Here is a little challenge for you. Read the story carefully and find the answer.

The Farmer's Eggs: Farmer Wanjiku goes to her chicken coop. She collects 8 eggs in her basket. On the way back to the house, she trips and 3 eggs break. Oh no! How many eggs are left for breakfast?

What do we need to do? Add or subtract?
That's right, we need to subtract because the eggs were taken away (they broke).

    8 eggs - 3 broken eggs = ?
    
    8 - 3 = 5

Farmer Wanjiku has 5 eggs left. Well done for helping her!

Umefanya Vizuri Sana! (You Have Done Very Well!)

Hongera! Congratulations! Today you have become an expert in addition (+) and subtraction (-).

• Addition is for joining things together to get a bigger number.
• Subtraction is for taking things away to get a smaller number.

Keep practicing! You will see math everywhere – at the duka, on the road, and even when playing with your friends. You are a math superstar!

Habari Mwanafunzi! Let's Go on a Number Adventure!

Hello there, young mathematician! Today, we are going to learn about two very special friends in the world of numbers: Addition and Subtraction. Think of it like this: some days you get more mangoes, and some days you share your mandazis with a friend. That's all addition and subtraction is – putting things together and taking things away. Let's begin!

---

Part 1: Addition (Kujumlisha) - Putting Things Together!

Addition is all about joining groups to find out how many you have in total. When we add, our number gets bigger! We use a special sign for addition called the plus sign (+).

Image Suggestion: A vibrant, colourful digital painting of a Kenyan market scene. A mother and her child are at a fruit stand. The child is holding 3 ripe mangoes, and the smiling vendor is adding 2 more mangoes to their kiondo (woven basket). The style should be cheerful and kid-friendly.

Let's look at an example.

Aisha is helping her mother pick sukuma wiki from the shamba (farm). She picks 4 leaves. Her brother, Otieno, comes and gives her 3 more leaves. How many leaves does Aisha have altogether?

Let's count them! First, Aisha's leaves:

    |    |    |    |
   / \  / \  / \  / \   (4 leaves)

Now, let's add the leaves Otieno gave her:

    |    |    |
   / \  / \  / \   (3 leaves)

When we put them all together, we do a calculation like this:

  4   (Aisha's leaves)
+ 3   (Otieno's leaves)
---
  7   (Total leaves)

Wow! So, 4 + 3 = 7. Aisha now has 7 leaves of sukuma wiki. Nzuri sana!

---

Part 2: Subtraction (Kutoa) - Taking Away!

Subtraction is the opposite of addition. It's about taking a smaller number away from a bigger number to see what is left. When we subtract, our number gets smaller. We use a sign called the minus sign (-) for this.

Image Suggestion: A warm, indoor scene of a Kenyan family kitchen. A plate sits on a wooden table with 8 golden-brown mandazis. A child's hand is reaching out and taking 2 mandazis from the plate. The mood is happy and depicts sharing.

Let's try a story.

Your mother made 8 delicious chapatis for dinner. The family was very hungry and ate 5 of them. How many chapatis are left?

Let's imagine the 8 chapatis on a plate. We can draw them as circles:

  (O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (O)  (8 chapatis)

Now, let's "eat" 5 of them by crossing them out:

  (O) (O) (O) ~~(Ø)~~ ~~(Ø)~~ ~~(Ø)~~ ~~(Ø)~~ ~~(Ø)~~

How many are left? We can see there are 3. Let's write it as a math problem:

  8   (Chapatis we started with)
- 5   (Chapatis that were eaten)
---
  3   (Chapatis that are left)

Great work! So, 8 - 5 = 3. There are 3 chapatis left for later.

---

Part 3: Let's Solve a Puzzle!

Now that you are an expert, let's try a story that uses BOTH addition and subtraction. Are you ready?

Kamau goes to the duka (shop) with 15 shillings. He wants to buy a pencil that costs 5 shillings. On his way, his grandmother (Gogo) sees him and gives him 10 more shillings because he is a good boy! How much money will Kamau have after he buys the pencil?

This has two parts. Let's solve it step-by-step.

Step 1: Gogo gives him more money (Addition)

Kamau started with 15 shillings and got 10 more.

  15  (What Kamau had)
+ 10  (What Gogo gave him)
----
  25  (His new total)

So, before buying anything, Kamau has 25 shillings!

Step 2: Kamau buys the pencil (Subtraction)

Now he has 25 shillings, and he will spend 5 on a pencil.

  25  (The money he has now)
-  5  (The cost of the pencil)
----
  20  (The money he has left)

Hongera! After everything, Kamau has 20 shillings left. You solved the puzzle!

You are a Math Superstar!

See? Addition and Subtraction are all around us! From the market to the kitchen to the duka. You did an amazing job today.

• Remember, Addition (+) is for joining and making numbers bigger.
• Remember, Subtraction (-) is for taking away and making numbers smaller.
• Keep practicing by counting things around you! How many cars do you see? If two drive away, how many are left?

Keep up the great work, and you will become a master of numbers!